Retraction & Correction Policy

The journal adheres to a clear and transparent policy for the retraction and correction of published articles, as follows:

Retraction: An article is retracted in cases where serious scientific errors, plagiarism, data fabrication, or duplicate publication are confirmed. A formal retraction notice is published on the journal’s website, clearly stating the reason for the retraction.

Correction (Correction / Erratum): Corrections are issued in cases of non-substantial errors that affect the accuracy of data or results. The correction is directly and clearly linked to the original article.

Announcement and Transparency: All cases of retraction or correction are announced with full transparency on the journal’s website, and the digital versions of the articles are updated to reflect the status of the correction or retraction.

Post-Retraction Status: The original article remains available on the journal’s website with a clear indication that it has been “Retracted,” without being permanently removed, in order to ensure scientific integrity and historical record keeping.